Abstract Quantum secret sharing (QSS), as a fundamental cryptographic protocol for future quantum networks, continues to face significant challenges, particularly in the generation of multipartite entanglement and the degradation of entanglement fidelity during distribution, both of which severely limit its scalability. These persistent constraints motivate an alternative approach based on continuous-variable (CV) systems. We propose a CVQSS scheme based on an electro-optically modulated optical frequency comb. The scheme employs a single laser to generate multi-wavelength coherent states, enabling the efficient and flexible construction of secret sharing subnetworks. By incorporating a broadcast-based distribution mechanism, the architecture is scalable to 128 players. Experimental verification with 24 players over a 10 km fiber link demonstrates a secret sharing rate of 6.24 per player under asymptotic conditions and 1.27 Mbps per player under finite-size effects, and a 1.05MB image is secretly shared to six players. This work achieves information-theoretically secure QSS both within and across subnetworks, providing a solid technical foundation for the development of scalable and multifunctional quantum networks.